March 06, 2015
Telecommunications networks are hierarchy organization. House and commerce access is based on wireless and wireline, wireless networks include 2G, 3G, 4G and WiFi, and wireline splitter optical 1x16 technologies are those fiber point-to-point (P2P), point-to-multipoint passive optical networks (PONs), copper twisted pair, HFC (hybrid fiber coaxial) technologies.
Passive optical networks are the basis of Optical Access Networks (OANs) as defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.902, and also of hybrid fiber coaxial networks. PONs are often configured in tree or bus structures. Feeder and distribution fibers, together with the distribution elements in the outside plant, are referred to as Optical Distribution Network (ODN). The different degrees of optical versus electrical access down to the customers for the different fiber-to-the-X(FTTX) access scenarios, where X stands for cabinet (Cab), curb (C), building (B), or home (H). The reference points for the OAN are the service network interface (SNI) and the user network interface (UNI). They are defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.983. The network architecture used to build a PON based FTTx network will typically comply with international standards.
The main PON components include just like, OLT which its full name is Optical line termination and service provider head end in CO, and Remote node just called RN , it mostly passive, containing splitter/combiner or filter, for example, in cabinets, then ONU, it is optical network unit where at customer premises (CP), or in cabinet, etc.
AG.983 compliant PON typically consists of an optical line termination (OLT), which is located at the IPTV data center and a number of optical network terminals (ONTs), which are installed at the end users premises. Note that ONTs May also be installed at different neighborhoods where the optical fiber terminates. In these situations, high speed copper data transfer technologies such as DSL are used to carry the IPTV signals into the end-users’ household.
The OLT uses components such as fiber cable and optical splitters to route network traffic to the ONTs.
Fiber cable, the OLT and the various ONT’s are interconnected by fiber optic cabling. With few transmission losses, low interference, and high bandwidth potential, optical fiber is an almost ideal transmission medium. The core of the fiber optic cable is made of glass and carries data in the form of light wave signals. The diameter of the fiber cable is relatively small and is designed to allow network engineers splice the cable at various locations along the physical route. The purity of today’s glass fiber, combined with improved system electronics in the cable, permits the transmission of high speed services over long distances. In fact, the G.983 standard allows the PON to carry digitized light signals up to a maximum distance of 20 km without amplification.
Optical splitters, the optical splitter are used to split a single optical signal into multiple signals. It achieves this function while not altering the state of the signal; in other words, it does not convert it to electrical pulses. Optical splitters are also used to merge multiple optical signals back into a single optical. These splitters allow up to 32 households to share the FTTx network bandwidth and are typically housed in accessible mechanical closures.
In PONs, several customers are connected to a central office or local exchange via a passive fiber-optic infrastructure. This infrastructure splits into single-mode fibers and passive splitting components (power splitters/combiners and/or WDM filters). PONs work bidirectionally on single fibers, in almost all cases, by using different wavelengths for upstream (US) and downstream (DS).
Fiber cable and PLC splitter optical splitters are "passive" optical components. The use of passive components to guide the light waves through the network eliminates the need for remote powering, which cuts down on operational and maintenance costs.
The main purpose of the ONT is to provide IPTV subscribers with an interface to the PON. It receives traffic in optical format, examines the address contained within the network packets, and converts it into electrical signals. The ONT can be located inside or outside the residence, and is typically powered from a local source, and include bypass circuitry that allows the phone to operate normally in the event of a power failure. The majority of ONTs will include an Ethernet interface for data traffic, an RJ-11 connection for connecting into the home phone system, and a coaxial interface to provide connectivity to the TV. The ONT is also responsible for converting data into optical signals for transmission over the PON. active optical networks (AON) makes use of electrical components between the IPTV end user and the data center. In particular, the AON networking architecture utilizes Ethernet switches that reside between the IPTV data center and the endpoint of the fiber network.
For example, a single piece of optical fiber is run from the backend office to an optical splitter, which is typically located in close proximity to the subscriber’s house. The bandwidth on this fiber is typically shared and is capable of supporting high bandwidth capacities ranging from 622 Mbps all the way up to several gigabytes of data per second.
In addition to the physical components of a PON also illustrates the transmission of three different light wavelengths (channels) over the network. The first wavelength is used to carry high speed Internet traffic. The second wavelength is allocated to carry IO video services and the third wavelength may be used to carry interactive traffic from the subscriber’s home network back to the service provider’s backend equipment. Specialized FTTX filters called wavelength division multiplexers (WDMs) are installed at the data center and inside the OLT that allow a PON to support the transmission of multiple parallel channels or wavelengths on the one piece of fiber. Thus, creating a number of virtual fiber channels over a single fiber pair. Under WDM, the capacity of the network is increased by assigning signals that originate from optical sources to specific wavelengths on the optical transmission spectrum.
Fiberstore supply high quality PON and AON System products, like OLT, ONU with low price. Welcome to visit our online store.
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March 02, 2015
A basic optical communication link comprises a transmitter and receiver, with an optical fiber cable connecting them. Although signals propagating in optical fiber suffer far less attenuation than in other mediums, such as copper, there is still a limit of about 100 km on the distance the signals can travel before becoming too noisy to be detected.
Before the commercialization of Optical Amplifiers, it was necessary to electronically regenerate the optical signals every 80-100 km in order to achieve transmission over long distances. This meant receiving the optical signal, cleaning and amplifying it electronically, and then retransmitting it over the next segment of the communication link.
While this can be feasible when transmitting a single low capacity optical channel, it quickly becomes unfeasible when transmitting tens of high capacity WDM channels, resulting in a highly expensive, power-hungry and bulky regenerator station, as shown in Figure 1a. Furthermore, the regeneration hardware depends on the number of channels, as well as the bit-rate, protocol, and modulation format of each individual channel, so that any upgrade to the link would automatically require upgrades to the regenerator stations.
In traditional optical communication systems, optoelectronic regenerators are used between terminals to convert signals from the optical to the electrical domain and then back to the optical domain. Since its first report in 1987,1,2 the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) has revolutionized optical communications. Unlike optoelectronic regenerators, this optical amplifier does not need high-speed electronic circuitry and is transparent to data rate and format, which dramatically reduces cost.cwdm-mux8a also provide high gain, high power, and low noise figure. More importantly, all the optical signal channels can be amplified simultaneously within the EDFA in a single optical fiber, thus enabling wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology.
In the last dozen years, tremendous progress has been made in the development of EDFA components and technology, including erbium-doped fiber, semi conductor pump lasers, passive components, and splicing and assembly technology. In the research area, an EDFA with a bandwidth of 84 nm was recently demonstrated. Using these high-performance amplifiers, long distance transmission at 1 Tb/s was achieved for the first time. In the meantime, an enormous effort has been under way to incorporate EDFAs into commercial optical communication systems. After intensive laboratory research and development, Lucent Technologies (then the communication equipment division of AT&T) conducted the first field trial of a WDM optical communication system in 1989 and supplied the first commercial WDM system, which was deployed in 1995. Since then, the capacity of WDM systems has been increasing at a very fast pace. Lucent’s recently launched WaveStar TM 400G Optical Line System represents the most advanced of such systems. Today, optical amplifiers and WDM technology offer an unprecedented cost-effective means to meet the ever-increasing demand for trans- port capacity, networking functionality, and operational flexibility.
Erbium-doped fiber can be fabricated by several technologies. Figure 1 shows the energy levels of the erbium ion and the associated spontaneous lifetime in the fiber glass host. Erbium-doped fiber is usually pumped by semiconductor lasers at 980 nm or 1480 nm. A three-level model can be used for 980-nm pumps, while a two-level model usually suffices for 1480-nm pumps. 8,9 Complete inversion can be achieved with 980-nm pumping but not with 1480-nm pumping. The quantum efficiency is higher with 1480-nm pumps. The spontaneous lifetime of the metastable energy level ( 4 I 13/2) is about 10 ms, which is much slower than the signal bit rates of practical interest. As a result of the slow dynamics, intersymbol distortion and interchannel crosstalk are negligible—a key advantage of EDFAs.
Figure 2 shows the gain and loss coefficient spectra at different inversion levels for erbium-doped fiber co-doped with aluminum and germanium.Under a homogeneous broadening approximation, the overall gain spectrum of any piece of erbium-doped fiber always matches one of the curves after scaling and does not depend on the details of pump power, signal power, and saturation level along the fiber. The gain spectrum is very important for amplifier design.
A high inversion level provides low noise figure, while a low inversion level yields high efficiency in the conversion of photons from pump to signal. To achieve both low noise figure and high efficiency, two or more gain stages are generally used—the input stage is kept at a high inversion level and the output stage is kept at a low inversion level. Figure 3 shows one such example, in which an amplified spon- taneous emission (ASE) filter is inserted in the middle stage to prevent gain saturation caused by the ASE peak around 1530 nm. For optical amplifiers with two or more gain stages, the overall noise figure is mainly decided by the high-gain input stage, and the output power is basically determined by the strongly saturated output stage. The passive components have minimal impact on noise figure and output power when they are in the middle stage.
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